Direct and Indirect Speech

WHO: Ebola vaccine trials in W. Africa in January

GENEVA (AP) — The hunt for an Ebola vaccine will produce data soon about whether two experimental vaccines are safe and could lead to larger medical trials in West Africa by January, a top World Health Organization official said Tuesday.

Dr Marie Paule Kieny, an assistant director general for WHO, said clinical trials either planned or underway in Europe, Africa and the U.S. are expected to produce preliminary safety data by December. In the meantime, she said, governments are pushing for immediate "real-world use" of an approved Ebola vaccine.

She told reporters Tuesday in Geneva there are two leading candidates for a vaccine. If the vaccines are deemed safe, tens of thousands of doses will be used in trials in West Africa beginning in January to test their effectiveness, she said.

One of those vaccines, developed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Glaxo Smith Kline from a modified chimpanzee cold virus and an Ebola protein, is in clinical trials in the U.K. and in Mali. It will be used in clinical trials in Lausanne, Switzerland, by the start of February.

The second front-runner, developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada and known as VSV-EBOV, has been sent to the U.S. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Maryland for testing on healthy volunteers, with results expected by December. The next stage would be to test it more broadly, including among those directly handling Ebola cases in West Africa.

Canada has donated 800 vials of the experimental vaccine to WHO but the shipment was delayed by a Lufthansa pilots strike. It is now expected to arrive in Switzerland on Wednesday for testing coordinated by the U.N. health agency among volunteers at the University Hospital of Geneva, and volunteers in Hamburg, Germany, and in Gabon and Kenya, Kieny said.

"These data are absolutely crucial to allow decision-making on what dose level should go in the efficacy testing in Africa," she said, referring to plans for the broader testing starting in 2015.

At a separate news conference, WHO spokeswoman Fadela Chaib promised a thorough public audit of the agency's early missteps in responding to the Ebola outbreak that has already killed over 4,500 people.

"There is certainly a wish and a will to have this review," she said. "We know many elements need to be explained in the future. ... WHO will do that, but in the future; now our focus is on the response."

Source :

http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/WHO-Ebola-vaccine-trials-in-West-Africa-in-5837926.php

Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech :

Statement

1.                              Direct :

              "These data are absolutely crucial to allow decision-making on what dose level should go in  the efficacy testing in Africa," she said

Indirect :

She said that these data are absolutely crucial to allow decision-making on what dose        level should go in the efficacy testing in Africa

Analysis :

In the indirect sentence between reporting verb and the reported word connected by         conjunction.

2.        

                Direct :

"There is certainly a wish and a will to have this review," she said

Indirect :

She said that there was certainly a wish and a will to had this review.

Analysis :

We use indirect speech,sometimes called Reported speech,to tell someone what another person says or said.

Question

1.      Direct :

 He asked: “Does she live in London?“

Indirect :

He asked if she lived in London

Analysis :

Use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e. after the interrogative or ‚whether‘ / ‚if‘ you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verb ‚do‘ is not used in indirect questions.

2.      Direct :

“Did you enjoy the party?”

Indirect :

She asked me whether I’d enjoyed the party.

Analysis :

The tense of the verb changes as it does in reported speech but we don’t use auxiliary verbs. The word order is the same as in an affirmative sentence.

    

 Imperative

1.      Direct:

He said to me, "What are you doing?"

Indirect:

He entreated me what I was doing

Analysis :

In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. A -that clause is also possible in some cases.

2.      Direct:

Farhat said,”let us enjoy ourselves for an hour first.”

Indirect:

 Farhat proposed that we should enjoy ourselves for an hour first.

                 

                  Analysis :

      Let is changed imto should or might and the reporting verb,if need be is changed into proposed.

  Febi Fadillah

  4SA05

  19611141

Active and Passive Voice

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future Will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future Be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous Will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

The Making of A Dayak Shaman

The Dayak or Dyak or Dayuh are the native people of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. For the Dayak Samanakng community in Ketapang , West Kalimantan, a visit to the local shaman, or boretn, has been a tradition for centuries.Although several community health centers (Puskesmas) have opened in the last twenty years, people still believe that the boretn, who typically use traditional herbs and mantras to preserve well-being, can heal a variety of ailments, from those induced by black magic to severe disease. A visit to the boretn is also less expensive than the doctor. Becoming a shaman, however, is not an easy thing. Applicants must receive the blessings of the duata, or local gods; abstain from eating certain meats; and meditate at a sacred place to accumulate magic power. Antonius Rema, 67, an elder of Paser village in Simpang Hulu, details some additional requirements. “He must have studied mantras with senior shamans from other villages for at least 10 years .He must prove that he has healed many patients. As such, he will be worthy of being a reliable and trustworthy shaman — after completing a series of ordination ceremonies, locally known as the boretn barumpe. ”Another elder, Yohanis Akim, 78, discussed the case of one aspirant, Enold, 35, who recently completed his probation as prospective shaman and was prepared to be ordained. Akim, as the host of the ordination ceremony, together with Enold, had to meet with the other shamans in Paser to determine the exact time for the ceremony and the additional tests to be given the would-be boretn.A host of sacrificial items is needed to ensure the proper ordination of a boretn. “Once the senior shamans have determined things, then we have to immediately ready all requirements and necessities,” Akim said. Preparations would take at least a month and would cost around Rp20 million (US$1,755). Enold also needed the approval of his relatives, the village’s formal and customary chiefs and its young people before proceeding. To start, a traditional hall, or balai, was erected outside the village’s main house. The balai featured seven stairs, each measuring 32 square meters. Either side of the balai was decorated with the leaves of rajaking orchids, banyan and coconut leaves, areca flowers and colorful fabrics. Pineapples were placed on top of the seventh stair as a crown. Meanwhile, in the living room of the main house were four big brown trays containing a host of offerings: Boiled chickens, pieces of pork, the fresh blood of chickens and pigs, chicken feet, incense, betel leaves and nuts, cigarettes, traditional silver bracelets, old coins, yellow rice, cups of arak liquor, tuak fermented sticky rice, white chicken feathers and oil lamps.A taman — a bamboo post decorated with banyan tree and areca leaves and other magic decorations — was in the middle of the room, adorned with pleated bamboo and filled with offerings including wax, a large boiled chicken, areca nuts, rice flakes and incense. Enold’s ordination lasted for three days. The pabayu, or ceremonial assistants, wait to assist the shaman during the ordination.The first day began with angalu ceremony. Enold was accompanied by Ilu, Aser and Nyana — all senior boretn — and six pabayu assistants, among others, on first stair of the balai.His relatives and Akim, as host, stood in a row to present cups of arak and tuak to Enold and his entourage to drink.A few minutes later, the senior boretn were seen chewing betel nuts and smoking while reciting mantras to exorcise evil spirits.Two stamped their feet while singing and strewing yellow rice and sprinkling holy water on Enold. Enold and the senior boretn went up to the second stair and sat cross-legged, facing the offerings.They cast a spell to call spirits. A moment later, Enold stood up holding an areca flower, closing his eyes to exorcise evil spirits.At the same time, Ilu circled the taman in the living room, accompanied by the pabayu, who banged gongs and drums while singing mantras. Ilu went out to the terrace to stab a pig. Its fresh blood was collected in a small bamboo container. Throughout the second day, Enold circled the taman flanked by the senior boretn. He healed a sick woman, extracting what appeared to be a nail from her stomach. Soon Enold sat down, leaning on the wall. Aser showered him with holy water before Enold faded into a trance. Aser and the other boretn in turn touched Enold, head to toe, with 100 areca flowers. Finally, Enold regained consciousness. The pabayu, or ceremonial assistants, wait to assist the shaman during the ordination. The third day saw the culmination of procession on the seventh stairs. The boretn circled the pigs and chickens while carrying traditional machetes as Enold and his family stood underneath, waiting to be bathed in sacrificial blood. The pigs were stabbed with a poisoned knife and the chickens were butchered. Enold stood under the flow, followed by the other attendees. “Bathing in the blood of pigs and chickens signify that a boretn and his family have been purified from disease and all misfortune,” Aser said. “Accepting the touch of 100 areca flowers from head to toe several times by senior boretn signifies that the prospective boretn is ordained officially as a true boretn.”He continued with some advice for the new initiate. “Enold should be faithful to his calling. He should not hurt people, but help and treat people sincerely without asking for things in return.” One of the youths in the village, Yogi Pusa, 21, said: “This ordination ceremony is a very rare event. Such an event happens once over decades.”

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/26/the-making-a-dayak-shaman.html

Active

1.      The Dayak or Dyak or Dayuh are the native people of Borneo.

The subject of the sentence is people and as a native is verb. This type of sentences is simple present and the pattern is s+ v (s/ es) +o

2.      He must prove that he has healed many patients.

This sentence is called active voice because he as a subject of a sentence doing action, And as a verb is prove who doing action. This type of sentence is present perfect and the pattern of present perfect is S+ has/have+v3

3.      The balai featured seven stairs, each measuring 32 square meters.

The sentence above called active voice because the balai as a subject , and verb is featured. The balai as a subject doing action and featured as a verb and measuring as the object receiving action.

4.      The first day began with angalu ceremony.

This sentence called active voice because the subject in this sentence the first day and the verb is began. This type of sentence is simple past with pattern s+v2+o.

5.      They cast a spell to call spirits.

The sentence above called active voice because the subject of the sentence is they which one doing action and as a verb is call who doing action. This type of sentence is simple present and the pattern of simple present is s + v (s/es) + o

Passive

1.      Pineapples were placed on top of the seventh stair as a crown.

The sentence is passive voice because pinepples as a thing receiving action, were placed as a passive verb and as a crown is doing action. This sentence include in simple past.

2.      Enold was accompanied by Ilu, Aser and Nyana — all senior boretn — and six pabayu assistants, among others, on first stair of the balai.

The sentence above is also passive voice. Because Enold as the subject receiving action. Was accompanied used is passive verb. And by Ilu is doing action. This sentence is simple past because the pattern of simple past is o+ was/were+v3+o

3.      A few minutes later, the senior boretn were seen chewing betel nuts and smoking while reciting mantras to exorcise evil spirits.

The sentence is passive voice because a few minutes later as a thing receiving action, were seen as a passive verb and as evil spirits is doing action .

4.      Its fresh blood was collected in a small bamboo container.

The sentence above is passive voice because its fresh blood as a thing receiving action, was collect as a passive verb and as a small bamboo container is doing action. This sentence is simple past because o+ was/were+v3+s.

5.      The pigs were stabbed with a poisoned knife and the chickens were butchered.

The sentence is passive voice too because the pigs as a thing receiving action, were stabbed as a passive verb and as a poisoned knife is doing action.

Name                     : Febi Fadillah

Class                     : 4SA05

Npm                       : 19611141

Subject of study : Pembelajaran bahasa inggris berbantuan komputer                                   (softskill)